Formal Methods Research Articles

Framework for a savanna burning emissions abatement methodology applicable to fire-prone miombo woodlands in southern Africa

Background and aims To assess development of a robust emissions accounting framework for expansive miombo woodland savannas covering ~2 million  km2 of southern Africa that typically are burnt under relatively severe late dry season (LDS) conditions. Methods A detailed site-based study of fuel accumulation, combustion and greenhouse gas (GHG) emission factor parameters under early dry season (EDS) and LDS conditions along a central rainfall-productivity and associated miombo vegetation structural and floristics gradient, from lower rainfallsites in northern Botswana to higher rainfall sites in northern Zambia. Key results Assembled field data inform core components of the proposed emissions reduction framework: fuel and combustion conditions sampled across the vegetation/productivity gradient can be represented by three defined Vegetation Fuel Types (VFTs); fuel accumulation, combustion and emissions parameters are presented for these. Applying this framework for an illustrative case, GHG emissions (t CO2-e) from EDS fires were one-third to half those of LDS fires per unit area in eligible miombo VFTs. Conclusions Our accounting framework supports undertaking EDS fire management to significantly reduce emissions and, realistically, burnt extent at landscape scales. We consider application of presented data to development of formal emissions abatement accounting methods, linkages with potential complementary woody biomass and soil organic carbon sequestration approaches, and necessary caveats concerning implementation issues.

Generalized Formal Model-Verifier: A Formal Approach for Verifying Static Models

The field of software modeling has gained significant popularity in the last decades. By capturing the static aspects of the software requirements, model-driven engineering eases the development and maintenance of software. However, additional constraints, such as invariants on model elements, that the solution must conform to may be too complex to include in the structure of the model itself. External solutions are often used to describe static constraints on models, the most prevalent approach being the Object Constraint Language (OCL) and its formal variants. This paper proposes the Generalized Formal Model-Verifier (GFMV), which is a general approach for verifying static constraints on software models. GFMV employs different formal verification methods based on Kripke Structures. Kripke Structures are used to capture the static structure of the model, then the constraints are formalized using a first-order branching-time logic, the Computational Tree Logic (CTL). Finally, the NuSMV model checker is reused to verify whether the constraints formalized in CTL hold on the formal Kripke Structure. When compared to existing solutions, GFMV offers increased generality and formal proof that the constraints hold on the model. The expressive power and runtime-scalability of the approach are evaluated on a real-world example model and OCL invariants cited from literature.

A Systematic Literature Review on Reasons and Approaches for Accurate Effort Estimations in Agile

Background : Accurate effort estimation is crucial for planning in Agile iterative development. Agile estimation generally relies on consensus-based methods like planning poker, which require less time and information than other formal methods (e.g., COSMIC) but are prone to inaccuracies. Understanding the common reasons for inaccurate estimations and how proposed approaches can assist practitioners is essential. However, prior systematic literature reviews (SLR) only focus on the estimation practices (e.g., [26, 127]) and the effort estimation approaches (e.g., [6]). Aim : We aim to identify themes of reasons for inaccurate estimations and classify approaches to improve effort estimation. Method : We conducted an SLR and identified the key themes and a taxonomy. Results : The reasons for inaccurate estimation are related to information quality, team, estimation practice, project management, and business influences. The effort estimation approaches were the most investigated in the literature, while only a few aim to support the effort estimation process. Yet, few automated approaches are at risk of data leakage and indirect validation scenarios. Recommendations : Practitioners should enhance the quality of information for effort estimation, potentially by adopting an automated approach. Future research should aim to improve the information quality, while avoiding data leakage and indirect validation scenarios.

Modelling diffusion of innovation curves using radiocarbon data

Archaeological data provide a potential to investigate the diffusion of technological and cultural traits. However, much of this research agenda currently needs more formal quantitative methods to address small sample sizes and chronological uncertainty. This paper introduces a novel Bayesian framework for inferring the shape of diffusion curves using radiocarbon data associated with the presence/absence of a particular innovation. We developed two distinct approaches: 1) a hierarchical model that enables the fitting of an s-shaped diffusion curve whilst accounting for inter-site variations in the probability of sampling the innovation itself, and 2) a non-parametric model that can estimate the changing proportion of the innovation across user-defined time-blocks. The robustness of the two approaches was first tested against simulated datasets and then applied to investigate three case studies, the first pair on the diffusion of farming in prehistoric Japan and Britain and the third on cycles of changes in the burial practices of later prehistoric Britain.

Patient-perceived factors influencing physical activity sensor use in stroke prevention and rehabilitation: A thematic synthesis protocol.

While the putative benefits of "fitness trackers" continue to fuel a booming consumer market, results of device-based clinical interventions remain remarkably mixed. This study will explore factors influencing wearable physical activity (PA) sensor use in the context of stroke prevention and rehabilitation for older adults. The findings of this thematic synthesis will provide insights into factors influencing the use of PA sensors in stroke which may inform more effective device-based interventions. Thematic synthesis as a formal method described by Thomas and Arden can be used within a systematic review to synthesize primary qualitative research. Accordingly, the proposed study will systematically search bibliographic databases for relevant peer-reviewed papers and synthesize coded thematic data within included papers. The quality of papers will be assessed using the JBI Critical Appraisal Checklist for Qualitative Research. Patterns in the text will be coded, preliminary data visualised, and higher-level analytical themes discerned to explain factors influencing the use of PA sensors in older stroke patients. This study does not require ethics approval. Results are expected to be available by June 2024. Data from the thematic synthesis will provide insights into barriers and facilitators influencing the use of wearable PA sensors in stroke and older adults at risk, and implications these factors have for the design of effective device-based interventions. Systematic review registration: PROSPERO registration number: CRD42020211472. https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42020211472.

Formulating Strategic Directions for Developing the National Sports Federation in Modern Socio-Economic Conditions

Objectives. The study aimed to substantiate theoretical and methodological approaches to choosing a development strategy for the National Sports Federation based on a strategic analysis of its activities in the current socio-economic conditions. Material and methods. The study involved an analysis of scientific and methodological literature, SWOT-analysis, methods of formalization and generalization, as well as mathematical statistics. Results. A study was conducted on the activities of the public organization “Fencing Federation of Ukraine” (“FFU” PO) using SWOT analysis, considering the current socio-economic conditions. As a result, the following components of four possible directions of the organization’s activities are determined: development strategy, limited-growth strategy, stabilization strategy, and protection strategy. After determining and quantitatively evaluating the factors and quality of the four directions in the “FFU” PO development, while taking into account the trend of world sports development, it can be concluded that the most promising direction for the “FFU” PO activities is a development strategy envisaging the use of the organization’s strengths to realize the external environment opportunities. Conclusions. It is proposed to use a development strategy in the activities of the “FFU” PO — diversification, which envisages innovations in management and marketing, ensuring the financial stability of the organization, improving the quality of athlete training through the introduction of new technologies, and consolidating the organization’s positive image.

Development of quality assessment tool for systematic reviews and meta-analyses of real-world studies: a Delphi consensus survey.

The increasing adoption of real-world studies in healthcare for decision making and planning has further necessitated the need for a specific quality assessment tool for evidence synthesis. This study aimed to develop a quality assessment tool for systematic reviews (SR) and meta-analysis (MA) involving real-world studies (QATSM-RWS) using a formal consensus method. Based on scoping review, the authors identified a list of items for possible inclusion in the quality assessment tool. A Delphi survey was formulated based on the identified items. A total of 89 experts, purposively recruited, with research experience in real-world data were invited to participate in the first round of Delphi survey. The participants who responded in the first Delphi round were invited to participate (n = 15) in the phrasing of the items. Strong level of agreement was found on the proposed list of items after the first round of Delphi. A rate of agreement ≥ 0.70 was used to define which items to keep in the tool. A list of 14 items emerged as suitable for QATSM-RWS. The items were structured under five domains: introduction, methods, results, discussions, and others. All participants agreed with the proposed phrasing of the items. This is the first study that has developed a specific tool that can be used to appraise the quality of SR and MA involving real-world studies. QATSM-RWS may be used by policymakers, clinicians, and practitioners when evaluating and generating real-world evidence. This tool is now undergoing validation process.

Forge: A Tool and Language for Teaching Formal Methods

This paper presents the design of Forge , a tool for teaching formal methods gradually. Forge is based on the widely-used Alloy language and analysis tool, but contains numerous improvements based on more than a decade of experience teaching Alloy to students. Although our focus has been on the classroom, many of the ideas in Forge likely also apply to training in industry. Forge offers a progression of languages that improve the learning experience by only gradually increasing in expressive power. Forge supports custom visualization of its outputs, enabling the use of widely-understood domain-specific representations. Finally, Forge provides a variety of testing features to ease the transition from programming to formal modeling. We present the motivation for and design of these aspects of Forge, and then provide a substantial evaluation based on multiple years of classroom use.

Adversities in Abstract Interpretation - Accommodating Robustness by Abstract Interpretation

Robustness is a key and desirable property of any classifying system, in particular, to avoid the ever-rising threat of adversarial attacks. Informally, a classification system is robust when the result is not affected by the perturbation of the input. This notion has been extensively studied, but little attention has been dedicated to how the perturbation affects the classification. The interference between perturbation and classification can manifest in many different ways, and its understanding is the main contribution of the present article. Starting from a rigorous definition of a standard notion of robustness, we build a formal method for accommodating the required degree of robustness—depending on the amount of error the analyst may accept on the classification result. Our idea is to precisely model this error as an abstraction . This leads us to define weakened forms of robustness also in the context of programming languages, particularly in language-based security, e.g., information-flow policies, and in program verification. The latter is possible by moving from a quantitative (standard) model of perturbation to a novel qualitative model, given by means of the notion of abstraction. As in language-based security, we show that it is possible to confine adversities, which means to characterize the degree of perturbation (and/or the degree of class generalization) for which the classifier may be deemed adequately robust. We conclude with an experimental evaluation of our ideas, showing how weakened forms of robustness apply to state-of-the-art image classifiers.

Application of mnemonics methods in modern education in the study of career-oriented disciplines for the preparation of pharmacists

In the era of rapid development of the pharmaceutical industry, information technology, the pharmacist finds himself in a situation where it is necessary to memorize and put into practice a very large amount of information. The method of mnemonics was formed in ancient Egypt. Today, the mnemonics method can be effective tools for improving the assimilation of complex information and its further reproduction.The purpose of this work was to study the role of mnemonics in the educational process for teaching career-oriented disciplines in the preparation of a pharmacist.Materials and methods of research. The methodological basis of this work is the principles of a systematic approach and a comprehensive analysis in the study of the features of using mnemonics for teaching career-oriented disciplines to students of the specialty "Pharmacy". The methods of scientific research, idealization, formalization, abstraction and modeling were used in the performance of the work.Results. Mnemonics provides deeper and more productive memorization of the material, which allows students to more successfully assimilate new knowledge and cope with educational tasks, which can significantly increase absolute and high-quality academic performance. Presenting the material in the form of tables and pictures, according to the results of a survey of students, yellow and blue are good colors for visual perception of information.Conclusion. Thus, the introduction of mnemonics in modern education is necessary and relevant, since it contributes to improving the level of student achievement, the development of their cognitive skills, as well as the formation of self-learning skills and increasing their confidence in their own capabilities.

RISK-ORIENTED APPROACH TO THE ASSESSMENT OF WORKING CONDITIONS OF WORKERS WITH INCREASED THERMAL EXPOSURE

Problem statement. The issue of studying the working conditions of workers with increased heat exposure is considered. Diseases provoked by harmful working conditions have a rather long incubation period, so their manifestation is not always easy to recognize and there are difficulties in establishing the root cause of occupational disease. The purpose of the article. Development and implementation of risk assessment methodology based on the joint action of harmful and hazardous industrial factors and regularities of their intensity decrease with distance from the source. Methodology. The impact of occupational and heterogeneous industrial factors on the employee's health, taking into account the time of action and the impact of their joint action in quantitative form, can be fairly objectively assessed on the basis of the Weber-Fechner law through the calculation of the integral index of potential risk. Structural analysis was used to determine the structure and causes of occupational diseases. Correlation analysis was carried out to find out the nature of relationships between the levels of influence of factors of the industrial environment to assess the conditions and nature of labor at the workplaces of workers, at whose workplaces the increased thermal stress was installed. Probabilistic-statistical methods were used for data processing - to determine the algorithm of transformation of environmental parameters into an indicator of occupational risk for workers with harmful working conditions. Development of a model for determining the zones of transformation of occupational risk through mutual influence on the industrial risk of the processing of research results needed the application of formalization methods. A software system for the formation of aggregated for multivariate analysis of information was used, which made it possible to build a three-dimensional model of changes in the values of the indicator of occupational risk in the space between the workplaces of employees located in the welding department. Scientific novelty. The applied risk-oriented approach using the methods of occupational and industrial risk assessment for electric welders' workplaces allows to take into account the harm to the worker's organism from the factors of the industrial environment. The established regularities allow to determine the zones of transformation of occupational risk through mutual influence into production risk, which is the justification of measures to reduce injuries and occupational diseases. Practical value. On the example of labor conditions at the workplaces of electric welders the methodology of risk assessment is developed and tested taking into account the joint action of harmful and hazardous industrial factors and regularities of their intensity decrease with distance from the source. The given risk-oriented approach allows to fulfill all the requirements and recommendations set forth in ISO 45001: its application to the working conditions of workers of hot professions (welders) allows to carry out a quantitative assessment of occupational and industrial risk at their workplaces, in particular for preparation for certification under ISO 45001. Conclusions. An effective tool for theoretical analysis of pollution zones formed during an extreme situation at gas stations has been created. The results of computational experiments are presented. The methodology of risk assessment based on the fundamental Weber-Fechner law for objective assessment of the impact of occupational and heterogeneous industrial factors on the employee's health in quantitative form through the calculation of the integral index (potential risk), which will allow to assess the working conditions at workplaces and objectively determine the class of working conditions, has been developed and implemented.

First-order formalism for Alice string

We apply the first-order formalism method to obtaining BPS equations for Alice string. This is done by generalizing the well-known first-order formalism to the case of non-Abelian strings. We do not assume any specific gauge group nor the shape of the kinetic term function, but require only that the fields are axially-symmetric and static. With this formalism we reproduce the BPS equations of SU(2)×U(1) Alice strings (Chatterjee and Nitta, 2017), and present their corresponding numerical solutions.

THE ROLE OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP EDUCATION IN GUIDING UNIVERSITY STUDENTS TO CREATE THEIR PERSONAL AND PROFESSIONAL PROJECTS WITHIN THE FRAMEWORK OF A STARTUP

Objective: This resvalueearch paper aims to shed light on the role of entrepreneurship education in realizing the personal and professional project of a university student within the framework of a startup. This is considering that entrepreneurial learning or (entrepreneurship education as some call it) is one of the basic courses that help the university student form a vision about future projects and professions.
  
 Theoretical Framework: Entrepreneurship education is a set of formal education methods that is based on informing and training any individual who wishes to participate in social economic development, through a project aimed at enhancing entrepreneurial awareness, establishing business projects or developing small business projects.
  
 Method: In order to be able to become familiar with this topic and address the problem at hand, we relied in this study on the descriptive and analytical approach, by describing entrepreneurship education, and analyzing the extent of the role that entrepreneurship education plays in guiding and assisting university students in establishing a startup project.
  
 Results and Discussion: The study reached several results, the most important of which is that entrepreneurship education plays a major role in creating personal and professional projects for university students and transforming them into a startup capable of finding innovative solutions to the problems at hand. The study also found that building a university student’s personal and professional project requires many acquisitions and skills that qualify him to establish a startup enterprise, such as: teamwork and team building skills, leadership skills, effective communication skills, and problem-solving skills.
  
 Originality/Value: This study contributes to the literature by emphasizing the importance of entrepreneurship education in realizing the personal and professional project of a university student especially in the form of startups, which would lead to its itegration in Higher education programmes.

Fermentation properties and functional stability of dough starter Jiaozi and Laomian after frozen storage.

This study aims to investigate the effects of frozen storage on the stability of traditional dough starters in China. The microbial community structure and abundance of related metabolic genes in different fermented sourdough prepared by Jiaozi (JZ) and Laomian (LM) starters before and after frozen storage at -20°C for half a year were analyzed using the shotgun metagenomic sequencing method, and differences in characteristics of texture in steamed bread were also compared by formal methods. The fermentation ability (FA) and metabolic activities of yeast in the JZH sourdough (started by JZ which was stored at -20°C for half a year) were better than those of LMH sourdough (started by LM which was stored at -20°C for half a year). The dominant genera of Acetobacter were found to be increased in the JZH0 sourdough (started by JZH and fermented for 0 h) and those of Lactobacillus were found to be decreased. Lactobacillus (98.72%), Pediococcus (0.37%), Saccharomyces (0.27%), and Acetobacter (0.01%), were dominant in sourdough LMH0 (started by LMH and fermented for 0 h). The abundances of "oxidative phosphorylation-related enzymes" and the "biosynthesis of glutamate"-related enzymes and genes related to "biosynthesis of glutamate" and "unsaturated fatty acid" were higher in JZH0 than in the JZ0 sourdough (started by JZ without being frozen and fermented for 0 h). The good FA of yeast, the acid production capacity of bacteria in the sourdough, and the quality of the JZH steamed bread (made by the JZH starter) indicated the better freezing tolerance of the microorganisms in JZ than in LM. The conclusion of this study suggests the better application potential of the JZ as the fermentation starter in actual production.

Current Approaches to Improving Consensus Decision-Making Mechanisms in International Regional Organizations

This study is aimed to study a key element of the activity of any international organization — the problem of consensus decision-making and the corresponding practice of solving it both in integration bodies (Eurasian Economic Union, European Union) and in interstate organizations devoid of a supranational component (Shanghai Cooperation Organization, North Atlantic Treaty Organization treaty, Collective Security Treaty Organization).Aim. Identify current approaches to improving the application of the rule of consensus in interstate (intergovernmental) structures and their bodies.Tasks. Investigate and generalize the practice of consensus decision-making within the international regional organizations, highlight actual ways to increase the efficiency of their decision-making mechanisms.Methods. The study used general scientific methodology. The comparative analysis method is used to compare existing decision-making practices. Analysis, synthesis, generalization, as well as the formal logical method were used to formulate the conclusions of the work.Results. The collective decision-making based on consensus follows from the international legal principle par in parem non habet imperium. It emphasizes the equality of all participants in an international organization and excludes the imposition of obligations non-approved by a sovereign state. From this point of view, consensus is a way to strengthen unity and achieve organizational stability. Simultaneously the practice of using this form in various international organizations gives evidence to its low efficiency in decision-making. Achieving consensus requires intensive efforts to coordinate the positions of the parties, and the emergence of “one-vote veto” situations cannot be ruled out. A possible way to increase the efficiency of decision-making within the framework of integration processes (EU, EAEU) lies through the development of supranational mechanisms.Conclusions. Analysis of the practice of functioning of international regional organizations (SCO, NATO, CSTO) allows to identify two approaches aimed at overcoming the negative features of consensus decision-making. The first involves the development of an international organization with formal obligations of members into a community associated with the establishment of a set of shared values among its participants. The second presumes the creation of mechanisms that allow interested states to use the institutions of such a structure to make collective decisions without a not-participating state. Both approaches do not exclude but complement each other.

Pomisleki o Knowelsovi andragogiki kot teoriji učenja s psihološkega vidika

The theory of andragogy has had considerable purchase amongst adult educators over time. Although it differs in emphasis in its north American and eastern European poles, the theory derives from a psychological distinction between the way that adults and children learn. Defining the theory in the terms of its most influential theorist, Malcolm Knowles, this article develops a critique of andragogy in relation to mainstream theories of learning. Knowles argues adults are psychologically disposed to “immediate”, life-orientated learning, whereas children’s learning has a “postponed” developmental orientation to the future. However, this particular adult-child distinction has little veracity or credibility when considered against mainstream theories of learning. Rather than a purported cleavage between the learning of adults and children, it seems that Knowles is actually driving at a distinction between non-formal and formal teaching methods, and that this is a better way of thinking about the distinctiveness of adult education than any insights that “andragogy” may have to offer.

Sustainable Energy Development and Sustainable Economic Development in EU Countries

Sustainable development is the subject of many economic analyses, but so far no attempt has been made to identify the main mechanism of interdependence between sustainable energy development and sustainable economic development in the second decade of the 21st century. The particular role of energy in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals is due to the fact that the production, supply and use of energy underpin economic growth. The article fills this research gap and spawns both a better understanding of the essence of sustainable development as well as practical conclusions. The aim is to assess sustainable energy development and sustainable economic development in EU member states and to determine the correlation between the two in the EU. Substantive and formal methods were used to select diagnostic variables, including: the parametric method, the standardized sums method, and correlation analysis. The analysis period covers the years 2014–2021. The conducted research demonstrated a significant variation in the level of sustainable energy development and sustainable economic development among EU countries.

Analysis of information flow security using software implementing business logic based on stored database program blocks

Objectives. Verification of software security is typically performed using dynamic and static analysis tools. The corresponding types of analysis do not usually consider the business logic of the software and do not rely on data access control policies. A modern approach to resolving this problem is to implement language-based information flow control. Despite a large amount of research, mechanisms for information flow control in software are not widely used in practice. This is because they are complex and impose increased demands on developers. The aim of the work is to transfer information flow control from the language level to the level of formal verification. This will enable the functions of controlling data integrity and confidentiality in software to be isolated into a separate task, which can be resolved by information security analysts.Methods. The research is based on general formal security methods for computer systems and formal verification methods. The algorithm developed by the author for checking security specifications and resolving security violations uses temporal logic of actions.Results. The technology is presented as a step-by-step approach to resolving specific tasks, including the following: designing a database (DB) for storing and processing sensitive information; analyzing dependencies and identifying relevant sets of program blocks in the DB; generating TLA+ specifications for the identified program blocks; labeling specifications according to global security policy rules and additional constraints; applying the specification verification algorithm, and resolving security violations while providing recommendations for software developers. The procedure also involves analyzing labeled data, in order to control the spread of verified program block output values in external software modules.Conclusions. The technology presented herein does not require developers to include redundant annotations describing security policy rules. The function of analyzing information flows with reference to predefined access restrictions is moved to a separate stage of the software development life cycle.

DEVELOPMENT OF ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEEDINGS IN THE CONTEXT OF ECONOMIC GLOBALISATION

The subject of the study is the conceptual, theoretical, empirical and methodological foundations of the socio-economic and legal nature of the development of administrative justice in the context of economic globalisation. Methodology. The study uses general and special methods of cognition. Using the dialectical method, the authors differentiates the essence of the development of administrative justice in the context of economic globalisation on the legal and economic levels according to the relevant criteria. The analysis created the conditions for a multifaceted study of the complex of problems and prospects for the development of Ukrainian administrative justice in the context of economic globalisation from the perspective of economic and legal etymology. The synthesis created the conditions for generalising the characteristic features of administrative justice, taking into account the current trends and international legal and regulatory developments in this area. The formal legal method allowed to correctly interpret the content of international and national legal acts that define the directions for improving administrative justice in the context of economic globalisation. The purpose of the article is to identify the problems and directions of development of administrative justice in the context of economic globalization. The results of the study show that the problems of the current state of administrative justice in Ukraine are complex, and the ways to overcome them take into account various parameters that are directly or indirectly based on the principles of economic globalisation, which are primarily based on economic and legal principles. Among the areas for improvement of administrative procedures, those that primarily ensure effective protection of human rights and freedoms, in particular through the implementation of relevant international standards, occupy an important place. Conclusion. The study of the economic foundations for optimisation of administrative justice in Ukraine has made it possible to identify certain indicators which serve as socio-economic prerequisites for optimisation of administrative justice. The statistical data show that the areas of manifestation of the subject matter of administrative court proceedings are differentiated depending on the impact of economic globalisation on certain public law relations which give rise to the relevant public law disputes. The authors distinguishes between a group of public law disputes which are directly related to the phenomenon of economic globalisation, and public law disputes in which public interests of economic content are manifested. This contributes to the creation of certain, primarily legal, structures which would facilitate the optimisation of administrative proceedings in the context of economic globalisation, which has both an external, international and internal, national format. The above considerations of optimising administrative justice in the context of economic globalisation have made it possible to identify specific problems faced by Ukrainian justice, including administrative justice: 1) organisational; 2) legal support; 3) material, financial and social support of courts and judges; 4) functioning of the institution of judicial governance and self-government; 5) staffing; 6) ensuring access to justice. Among the areas of improvement of administrative justice, the following are considered in detail: implementation of the principles of the rule of law and procedural economy, introduction of digital technologies (elements of artificial intelligence), introduction of alternative forms of pre-trial and post-trial dispute resolution, optimisation of the zonal and territorial location of courts, implementation of international standards of administrative justice, and some others.

Artificial Intelligence, Formal Methods, and Mathematical Reasoning (NSF)

Artificial Intelligence, Formal Methods, and Mathematical Reasoning (NSF)